Entrepreneurship & Regional Development

Deciphering Indigenous Entrepreneurship: A Global Driver of Sustainable Regional Development

Overview and Motivation

Indigenous entrepreneurs worldwide are building ventures that intertwine economic ambition with cultural stewardship, together with sustainability and community well-being. These enterprises often act as engines of sustainable regional development even as they emerge from contexts of profound social, political, and economic marginalization. Many Indigenous communities continue to grapple with colonial legacies such as land dispossession, systemic exclusion, and racism that hinder their development. In the face of these historic injustices, Indigenous entrepreneurs have had to devise business strategies that double as acts of resilience and cultural survival (Bapuji et al., 2023).

Importantly, Indigenous entrepreneurship is a global phenomenon, not confined to Anglophone settler societies. This Special Issue broadens the geographic lens to include insights from Latin America, Asia, Africa, and beyond. For instance, pre-Columbian trade networks across the Americas show that Indigenous peoples engaged in extensive commerce long before colonial contact. Today, Indigenous enterprises in regions like the Andes, Amazon, Himalayas, Sahel, and Arctic carry forward these traditions, adapting them to modern markets. Examples range from Māori-owned film production companies in New Zealand (Anderson, 2010; Henry et al., 2017) and Maya ecotourism cooperatives in Guatemala, to Sámi reindeer-herding tech startups in Scandinavia and Maasai craft and safari ventures in East Africa, to music and dance companies in Australia. Across such ventures, entrepreneurs leverage deep cultural knowledge in diverse sectors.

Many of these businesses are necessity-driven, launched to create livelihoods amid poverty or neglect (Fairlie & Fossen, 2020), yet they also represent proactive efforts to assert self-determination (Menzies et al., 2024). For example, rural Sámi entrepreneurs in northern Europe balance dual roles as cultural preservers and innovators. They offer traditional foods and crafts alongside high-tech services like GPS reindeer tracking and even video games based on Sámi folklore. These heritage-based enterprises foster community resilience. Indeed, some Indigenous business owners become community activists by necessity, using their enterprises as a means of survival to defend their way of life against external threats. By integrating cultural values into business, they sustain their languages, arts, and ecological knowledge for future generations. This Special Issue foregrounds such dynamic examples to show that Indigenous entrepreneurship is not just about pursuing profit under adversity but also about healing communities and revitalizing cultures.

Place-Based Entrepreneurship and Sustainability in Context

Thematically, this Special Issue sits at the intersection of Indigenous entrepreneurship, sustainability, and regional development, key areas in contemporary Entrepreneurship & Regional Development research. Scholarship in this journal has emphasized that entrepreneurial activities are deeply embedded in specific socio-spatial contexts, shaping and being shaped by the places and communities in which they occur (Ewald et al., 2015). For example, studies of rural entrepreneurship demonstrate how local embeddedness and networks enable opportunity creation in peripheral regions (Gaddefors,2020; Anderson, 2000).

We extend this perspective by examining Indigenous entrepreneurship as inherently place-based and community-rooted. Indigenous enterprises are often closely tied to particular lands, ecosystems, and social networks. Scholars have described such deeply embedded venture creation as “entrepreneuring,” an embodied, collective process rather than a static economic outcome (Steyaert, 2007; Anderson & Jack, 2002; Jack et al., 2008; Korsgaard et al., 2007). This view aligns with broader understandings of the entrepreneurial process as socially constructed, involving social interaction, identity, emotion, and community practices (McKeever et al., 2014; Banerjee, 2000; Radu-Lefebvre et al., 2019; Radu-Lefebvre et al., 2021; Theodoraki, 2022; Anderson & Smith, 2007).

Focusing on Indigenous enterprise also brings issues of sustainability and socio-spatial justice to the fore. E&RD has increasingly highlighted how new ventures can promote not only economic growth but also social inclusion and environmental stewardship in their regions (Meyer & Naicker, 2023; Padilla-Meléndez et al., 2022). Indigenous entrepreneurship exemplifies this integrative mission. As Padilla-Meléndez et al. (2022) observe, Indigenous enterprises inherently blend economic and social objectives. Yet the field of Indigenous entrepreneurship research remains emergent and fragmented, often confined to highly specific cultural contexts and a few geographic areas. This fragmentation calls for theoretical integration and broader comparative perspectives, precisely what this Special Issue seeks to provide by connecting disparate regional insights into a cohesive framework.

Grounding Indigenous entrepreneurship in socio-spatial dynamics also helps answer calls to better theorize how entrepreneurs interact with their environments. Similar to entrepreneurs in other deprived or remote communities (Evans & Williamson, 2017), many Indigenous entrepreneurs operate in marginal spaces, isolated reserves, ancestral territories  where formal infrastructure may be weak but social capital, cultural meaning, and local knowledge are strong. Thus, the notion of “place-based entrepreneurship” is central: Indigenous entrepreneurs leverage deep connections to place as a resource for innovation and differentiation. Their ventures often aim to revitalize local economies while reinforcing socio-cultural ties to the land.

Moreover, Indigenous entrepreneurship intersects strongly with sustainability and social enterprise themes. Many Indigenous ventures pursue a “triple bottom line” of economic, social, and environmental goals. As Evans and Williamson (2017) observe, Indigenous entrepreneurs orient their ventures toward not just financial gain but also cultural and communal outcomes. These include stewardship of natural resources, intergenerational knowledge transfer, and community well-being, all crucial aspects of sustainable development. Indeed, numerous Indigenous businesses function as community-based or social enterprises at heart, redefining success beyond profit maximization. Ana María Peredo and colleagues have long argued that conventional models often fail Indigenous peoples describing a “cultural captivity” of entrepreneurship paradigms and advocate for approaches that embed entrepreneurship in community development and cultural continuity (Peredo & Chrisman, 2006; Peredo & McLean, 2013). Building on such perspectives, our Special Issue pushes the theoretical frontier by challenging mainstream entrepreneurship and management theories to broaden into more inclusive, community-centric frameworks.

Finally, we engage with the broader political economy of Indigenous entrepreneurship. Consistent with E&RD’s interest in institutional contexts (e.g., entrepreneurial ecosystems, regional innovation systems), we consider how macro-level structures enable or constrain Indigenous enterprises. Historically, many Indigenous businesses have been under-supported or even undermined by government policies, market dynamics, and external stakeholders. We acknowledge that power imbalances and marginalization have directly shaped their entrepreneurial opportunities. Indigenous founders frequently face systemic barriers that reflect structural inequities. For example, many Indigenous ventures struggle with lack of access to capital and financing, exclusion from mainstream supply chains and markets, and misappropriation or theft of cultural products and intellectual property.

At the same time, there is growing recognition that empowering marginalized entrepreneurs can transform regional economies and foster more inclusive growth. Thus, our theoretical framing bridges Indigenous entrepreneurship with concepts like institutional voids, ecosystem building, and socio-spatial justice. This approach aligns with recent works (Colbourne & Anderson, 2020; Maritz & Foley, 2018; Theodoraki et al., 2021), suggesting that cultivating Indigenous entrepreneurial ecosystems can yield dual economic and social benefits in regions. Ultimately, by anchoring Indigenous entrepreneurship research in the core conversations of Entrepreneurship & Regional Development on context, sustainability, and inequality, this Special Issue aims to enrich those discussions and advance Indigenous entrepreneurship as a field of inquiry.

Scope and Objectives of the Special Issue

This Special Issue examines Indigenous-led enterprise as a catalyst for sustainable regional development (Meyer & Naicker, 2023). To date, Indigenous entrepreneurship has received limited attention in mainstream business research, often treated as a niche topic or viewed only through narrow lenses. Where it has been studied, research frequently centered on how extractive industries (mining, forestry, oil) affect Indigenous communities or on fitting Indigenous businesses into existing paradigms (Jackson, 2019). We propose a different framing: Indigenous entrepreneurship should be understood on its own terms, as a driver of innovation, resilience, and sustainability in regional economies. Indigenous businesses, whether on First Nations territories in Canada’s north or in remote Aboriginal communities in Australia’s outback, play pivotal roles in their local economies and social landscapes. Developing these ventures often requires novel approaches that integrate cultural values with enterprise development.

There is growing evidence that many Indigenous ventures explicitly pursue social and cultural development objectives alongside economic goals. These objectives are inherently place-based: Indigenous entrepreneurs seek not only profit but also to improve community well-being and to act as stewards of land and culture within their regions. For example, Henry et al. (2017) document how Māori filmmakers in New Zealand’s screen industry balance commercial success with cultural storytelling, enriching both their industry and the region’s cultural vitality. Similarly, Indigenous enterprises in Australia integrate community development aims education, health, employment for their people into their business models, and there is momentum toward building Indigenous entrepreneurial ecosystems that support such dual goals (Galperin, 2021; Maritz & Foley, 2018; Maritz et al., 2021).

A key objective of this Special Issue is also to confront the ongoing challenges and external pressures facing Indigenous enterprises. On one hand, Indigenous knowledge and practices are increasingly valued in fields like sustainable management, conservation, and corporate social responsibility (CSR/ESG). Indigenous approaches to land, water, and resource management such as traditional fire management or agroecological techniques offer valuable models for sustainability at the regional level. On the other hand, persistent concerns remain about cultural appropriation, exploitation, and the incursion of global markets on Indigenous lands and resources. Indigenous entrepreneurs often contend with globalization’s negative impacts: extractive industries and supply chains that can erode local autonomy and harm sacred environments. For instance, community artisans may struggle against cheap imitations of Indigenous crafts in global markets, and Indigenous farmers are sometimes displaced by multinational agribusiness. These pressures highlight the need to safeguard Indigenous lands and ensure that development aligns with Indigenous peoples’ values and aspirations.

Accordingly, this Special Issue will critically engage with these dilemmas by examining how Indigenous enterprises navigate power asymmetries with external actors, protect their intellectual property and traditional knowledge, and assert forms of economic sovereignty. By doing so, we aim to advance Indigenous-centered entrepreneurship theory and frameworks that foreground ethics, equity, and cultural survival alongside conventional success metrics. Ultimately, the contributions in this Special Issue seek to broaden the entrepreneurship and regional development discourse by demonstrating how ventures rooted in Indigenous culture and community can drive sustainable, inclusive regional growth.

Submission Instructions

We are open to the submission of both conceptual and empirical papers with various levels of analysis and methodological approaches, pushing the boundaries of current research and theory. We suggest the following as possible, but not limited to, themes:

Themes and Topics:

Under this theme of Indigenous entrepreneurship and sustainable regional development, the Special Issue encourages exploration of several  themes and key research questions

·       Indigenous entrepreneurial ecosystems: The role of community-driven support systems -mentors, networks, institutions in sustaining Indigenous enterprises and contributing to regional economic development.

·       Indigenous enterprise in CSR/ESG: Contributions of Indigenous businesses to broader sustainability goals. How corporations engage with Indigenous entrepreneurs through partnerships, supply-chain inclusion, or social procurement, and the outcomes for Indigenous communities for sustainable outcomes.

·       Leadership in Indigenous enterprises: Leadership styles and communal decision processes (consensus, elders’ councils, etc.) that align business strategies with Indigenous cultural values.

·       Market expansion and authenticity: Strategies for Indigenous businesses to expand into regional or global markets (e.g., exports, e-commerce, tourism) while protecting cultural authenticity and sovereignty.

·       Branding and storytelling: Building brands around Indigenous cultural heritage and place-based identities. Effective marketing of Indigenous products (art, fashion, food, tourism) in ways that share culture without commodifying it.

·       Cultural appropriation and IP rights: Safeguarding Indigenous arts, designs, and traditional knowledge in business. Navigating intellectual property laws and creating protocols for ethical use of cultural heritage.

·       Indigenous worldviews in business: Integrating Indigenous concepts such as relationality, reciprocity, or the “Seven Generations” principle into entrepreneurship and management frameworks, thereby broadening mainstream notions of strategy, innovation, and value.

·       Entrepreneurship education and capacity-building: Community-based training, mentorship programs, and university partnerships (e.g., the MURRA Indigenous Business Masterclass in Australia) that build Indigenous business skills and leadership, and their impacts on communities.

·       Enterprise as self-determination: The rise of Indigenous micro-entrepreneurs, small businesses, and cooperatives as pathways to self-determination. How does this trend affect local employment, community empowerment, and economic independence.

·       Technology adoption: The use of digital platforms, renewable energy, social media, and other Industry 4.0 technologies by Indigenous entrepreneurs in ways that align with cultural values. Opportunities created (global market reach, new innovations) and tensions or challenges faced in the process.

·       Challenges and resilience: Creative solutions to challenges in Indigenous business development, such as limited access to finance (e.g., innovative financing on communal lands), overcoming market barriers and discrimination, and building resilience against shocks like climate change or pandemics.

·       Indigenous women entrepreneurs: Roles and contributions of Indigenous female entrepreneurs to economic development and community well-being, including their leadership approaches and the specific hurdles they face (Brush et al., 2019).

·       Policy and place-based development: The influence of regional development policies or place-based initiatives (rural development funds, cultural tourism corridors, special economic zones on Indigenous territories) on Indigenous entrepreneurship. How Indigenous ventures engage with, adapt to, or resist these policy initiatives in their regions.

·       Global comparative perspectives: Comparative studies of Indigenous entrepreneurship in under-researched regions (e.g., Mapuche or Quechua enterprises in Latin America, tribal communities in Asia, Indigenous businesses in Africa) to broaden the empirical base and glean insights beyond well-studied contexts (North America, Oceania, Northern Europe).

·       Culture-based enterprise models: Indigenous enterprise models centered on cultural preservation and continuity (such as artisan cooperatives, community-run ecotourism, Indigenous media and digital platforms) that serve as both custodians of heritage and drivers of sustainable development.

Key Research Questions:

• Cultural values in entrepreneurship: How do Indigenous cultural values and traditional knowledge systems shape entrepreneurial decision-making and business models? How can concepts like community wealth, land guardianship, and reciprocity be integrated into mainstream entrepreneurship theory?
• Institutional voids and barriers: How do Indigenous entrepreneurs overcome weak or exclusionary formal institutions? In what ways do they leverage kinship networks, informal institutions, or customary law to fill gaps in financing, infrastructure, and market access?
• Community networks and resilience: What role do community relationships, kinship ties, and Indigenous networks play in the competitive advantage and resilience of Indigenous enterprises? How can such relational assets (trust, reciprocity, community embeddedness) be accounted for in entrepreneurship theory beyond the individual-centric firm view?
• Balancing profit and responsibility: How do Indigenous entrepreneurs balance profit motives with social and environmental responsibilities? What sustainable business models or hybrid forms (e.g., for-profit social enterprises, cooperatives) enable dual goals of financial success alongside community well-being and ecological stewardship (Theodoraki et al., 2021; Tapsell & Woods, 2010)?

Methodological Approaches and Reflections

We encourage diverse methodologies to investigate Indigenous entrepreneurship, emphasizing sensitivity to Indigenous contexts and ways of knowing. Alongside qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods approaches, we particularly value participatory and community-led research that honors Indigenous epistemologies and decolonizing approaches positioning Indigenous peoples as partners or leaders (Côté & Evans, 2025; Bastien et al., 2023; Galperin et al., 2022; Colbourne et al., 2023; Love & Hall, 2021). Innovative designs may include ethnographic and case studies capturing lived experiences and contextual influences (Merriënboer et al., 2025), narrative and storytelling methodologies such as oral histories and yarning circles (Henry et al., 2018), visual and arts-based approaches like photovoice or participatory video, and Indigenous-led participatory action research that ensures capacity-building and community benefit. We also welcome quantitative analyses and mixed-methods designs (Gaddefors, 2024), as well as critical reflections on ethics, cultural protocols, anonymity, and measures of success aligned with Indigenous values. By adopting such context-sensitive and culturally resonant methods, this Special Issue aims to model research that is both rigorous and impactful, echoing Kibler et al.’s (2015) call for approaches that recognize place attachment and legitimacy as central to sustainable entrepreneurship. By embracing such methods, this Special Issue aims not only to expand knowledge but also to model research that is rigorous, respectful, and impactful. As Kibler et al. (2015) emphasize, understanding place attachment and legitimacy requires context-sensitive approaches, a principle especially relevant to Indigenous entrepreneurship.

This special issue offers a timely and much-needed platform for rethinking entrepreneurship through an Indigenous lens. Through a holistic view of Indigenous entrepreneurship, we anticipate contributions that are both conceptually innovative and grounded in real-world relevance. The issue seeks to unite scholars, including Indigenous academics and allies, in advancing theories that better reflect entrepreneurial diversity and in spotlighting Indigenous experiences that have been too long on the margins of academic inquiry.

In line with the mission of Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, the special issue will be structured and compelling in its narrative: drawing connections between micro-level entrepreneurial practices and macro-level regional outcomes, between historical injustices and contemporary innovations, and between local Indigenous knowledge and global sustainability challenges. We expect the collected papers to demonstrate how Indigenous enterprises worldwide are crafting pathways to sustainable success pathways that often differ from mainstream business trajectories, but which hold lessons for regenerating economies and societies far beyond Indigenous communities themselves.

This issue aims to be more than a collection of articles - it aspires to be a cohesive scholarly statement that Indigenous entrepreneurship is a vibrant field at the forefront of redefining success in business and development. By bringing Indigenous voices and examples from across the globe into the pages of Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, we hope to enrich the journal’s discourse and inspire future research that continues to bridge entrepreneurship with cultural equity, environmental care, and regional vitality. In doing so, we answer the call voiced by thought leaders like Alex Maritz, Michelle Evans, Ana María Peredo to place Indigenous perspectives at the center of entrepreneurship research, where they can inform and transform how we understand value creation in a pluralistic world (Evans,  et al., 2013).

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